Model, Reference, Hypotheses and Literature Review

In the sixth stage on 1st November 2012, we are summarising our finding on the literature review

regards to our Independent Variable (IV) and provide the reference for such literature review.

 

Today, we are taught on how to deal with the hypotheses. For example: Poverty lead to low education standard or poverty do not lead to the low education standard.

 

Besides that, we are required or asked to create a facebook page on our research topic, by using the facebook as a tool to test on our hypotheses. Furthermore, we were asked to invite 100 over people to LIKE our page, luckily we manage to achieve 100 on the next day.

 



 

These are some of the Literature Review that we have done

 

 

 

These were the remaining IV which required to look for the literature review.

 

 

 

These were the primary model that we concern the most 

This is the model which include the IV, MV, and DV.

Based on the picture, it showed that some of the IV have been provided the reference for review. 

 

Hypothesis have been listed according to the Independent Variable (IV)

 

 



This is the final outcomes from this tutorial lesson, the subject matter's Hypotheses.Further to this, we are required to post our hypotheses in our Facebook page and request feedback from public's opinion.

 

 

Literature Review

 

Literally, there were many journals have been written by researchers regarding the relationship between poverty and low level of education. There are also journals that write about the reasons that affect the level of education. According to Labour in Month Review (2004), individuals who are earning a low income are those who usually work in services industry that do not require high education level. In other words, higher education means higher earning potential. Besides that, Bynner (1998) had conducted a research in which the result shows that low-educated teenagers who were born in 1958 are easier to get a job than those born in 1970. This may show that our future generations are facing low level of education in the future.

Firstly, poverty and financial are the main obstacle that lead to low level of education. According to Habib and Waheed (2011), the increasing population in rural area associated with low productivity will caused poverty which subsequently has also led to low level of education in the society. Besides that, Sabel (2001) also mentioned that poverty will lead to low education attainment which caused the workers being employed in low-skilled job and low-paid job. Bell and Rimmer (2001) and Upham and Wright (1966) also stated the abovementioned point in their research.

In addition, Huang, Liang and Wang (2004) stated that those belonged to chronic poverty are those who had been poorly educated and therefore have less employment opportunities. According to Schriver and Bowlby (1972), higher level of formal education and vocational training will lead to higher earnings. In addition, Maxwell (2008) also stated that the level of education attainment will make wages differential among the workers. Therefore, Janjua et. al. (2011) stated that education is the most important factor to alleviate poverty. Smith (2010) mentioned that education is able to eliminate poverty and provide quality man powers to the labour market. Pandey et. al. (2006) also mentioned that women should pursue higher level of education as it is the solution to poverty.

According to Shilpa Banerji (2011), low family income is the major barrier for students to pursue higher education as they always take the fees into consideration. ToseeAzid and RanaEjaz Ali Khan (2010) and Samuel Jebaraj Benjamin et. al. (2011) also mentioned the above point in their research. Besides that, Justin (2010) also mentioned that the high tertiary fees make students to take longer period in finishing their study as financial aid is reducing. US Department of Education mentioned that, most of the qualified low-income students have been denied access to the college (Anonymous 2011). Aparna Mitra & Pooja Singh (2008) also stated that poverty rate will also affect literacy, school enrollment and dropout rates of students. Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2010) found that there is education’s attainment gap between the low and high-income family.

Besides that, parents’ education level, demographic characteristics, household income status do have great influence on children’s opportunity to access to higher education (Gillian et. al. 2011). UNESCO (2008) and Driscoll and Nagel (2008) also stated the abovementioned point that poverty and education is closely related. Aldieri (2012) in his research stated that there is negative relationship between the number of children in Italian families and the children’s opportunity to pursue education. Moreover, parents who are involved in child labour would be more likely to let their children trade off from school (Jackline 2010). Furthermore, in Kenya, there are few factors to consider before deciding to send their children to further their study such as family’s earnings, education level of household head, gender of children, availability of schools and age of the children (Ngware et. al. 2006).

Additionally, Lundahl and Sj¨oholm (2009) had also stated that poor economic development and poverty lead to low level and quality of education. Schwarz and Hill (2010) stated that minorities were being eliminated to get a quality education which caused low level of education among them. A research of native Indian children had been conducted and the result shows that there is gender gap in the opportunity to pursue education (Joshi 2010). The study conducted by BernardinSenadza (2012) also shows the same result. Mulford et. al. (2008) also proved that there is direct linkage between the poverty and education. It also shows that the importance of the quality school in high-poverty communities.

According to Shazia Naureen et. al. (2012), minimal investment of government investment on education will result in low level of education. In addition, as referred to Salman (2010), the education vouchers given by government to poor students increase and improve the quality and performance of students. According to Borg et. al. (2012), the quality of teacher has direct relationship with the student achievement and performance as well as the level of education attained by students. Hanushek and Rivkin (2010) also stated similar point as abovementioned. On the other hand, Clotfelter et. al. (2004) claimed that inability to retain high quality teachers will be the main obstacle for the students to be successfully attaining higher education level.